|
Background: |
Bangladesh came into
existence in 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan seceded from its union
with West Pakistan. About a third of this extremely poor country
floods annually during the monsoon rainy season, hampering economic
development. |
|
Location: |
Southern Asia, bordering
the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
24 00 N, 90 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Asia |
|
Area: |
total: 144,000 sq
km
land: 133,910 sq km
water: 10,090 sq km
|
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than
Iowa |
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 4,246 km
border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km |
|
Coastline: |
580 km |
|
Maritime claims: |
contiguous zone:
18 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
continental
shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM |
|
Climate: |
tropical; mild winter
(October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm
rainy monsoon (June to October) |
|
Terrain: |
mostly flat alluvial
plain; hilly in southeast |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m |
|
Natural resources: |
natural gas, arable land,
timber, coal |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 61%
permanent crops: 3%
other: 36% (1998 est.)
|
|
Irrigated land: |
38,440 sq km (1998 est.)
|
|
Natural hazards: |
droughts, cyclones; much
of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
|
|
Environment - current issues: |
many people are landless
and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne
diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of
fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground
water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent
water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and
central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion;
deforestation; severe overpopulation |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of
the selected agreements |
|
Geography - note: |
most of the country is
situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the
Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and
later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal
|
|
Population: |
133,376,684 (July 2002
est.) |
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 33.8%
(male 23,069,242; female 21,995,457)
15-64 years: 62.8%
(male 42,924,778; female 40,873,077)
65 years and over:
3.4% (male 2,444,314; female 2,069,816) (2002 est.) |
|
Population growth rate: |
1.59% (2002 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
25.12 births/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
8.47 deaths/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
-0.75 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.06
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and
over: 1.18 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05
male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
68.05 deaths/1,000 live
births (2002 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population:
60.92 years
female: 60.74 years (2002 est.)
male: 61.08 years |
|
Total fertility rate: |
2.72 children born/woman
(2002 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.02% (1999 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
13,000 (1999 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
1,000 (1999 est.) |
|
Nationality: |
noun:
Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Bengali 98%, tribal
groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998) |
|
Religions: |
Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%,
other 1% (1998) |
|
Languages: |
Bangla (official, also
known as Bengali), English |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15
and over can read and write
total population: 56%
male: 63%
female: 49% (2000 est.)
|
|
Country name: |
conventional long
form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short
form: Bangladesh
former: East Pakistan |
|
Government type: |
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital: |
Dhaka |
|
Administrative divisions: |
5 divisions; Barisal,
Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi; note - there may be one
additional division named Sylhet |
|
Independence: |
16 December 1971 (from
West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence
from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and
commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh |
|
National holiday: |
Independence Day, 26
March (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from
West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is Victory Day and commemorates the
official creation of the state of Bangladesh |
|
Constitution: |
4 November 1972,
effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March
1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times |
|
Legal system: |
based on English common
law |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age;
universal |
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President A. Q. M. Badruddoza CHOWDHURY (since 12 November 2001);
note - the president's duties are normally ceremonial, but with the
13th amendment to the constitution ("Caretaker Government
Amendment"), the president's role becomes significant at times when
Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker government is installed - at
presidential direction - to supervise the elections
head of
government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and
appointed by the president
elections: president elected
by National Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 1
October 2001 (next to be held by NA October 2006); following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most
seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: A. Q. M. Badruddoza CHOWDHURY elected
president without opposition; percent of National Parliament vote -
NA% |
|
Legislative branch: |
unicameral National
Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected by popular vote from
single territorial constituencies (the constitutional amendment
reserving 30 seats for women over and above the 300 regular
parliament seats expired in May 2001); members serve five-year terms
elections: last held 1 October 2001 (next to be held
before October 2006)
election results: percent of vote by
party - BNP and alliance partners 46%, AL 42%; seats by party - BNP
201, AL 62, JI 18, JP (Ershad faction) 14, IOJ 2, JP (Naziur) 1,
other 4; note - the election of October 2001 brought a majority BNP
government aligned with three other smaller parties -
Jamaat-i-Islami, Islami Oikya Jote, and Jatiya Party (Naziur) |
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court (the chief
justices and other judges are appointed by the president) |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Awami League or AL
[Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed
MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA,
chairperson]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI];
Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP
(Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Jatiya Party (Manzur
faction) [[Naziur Rahman MANZUR] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
|
International organization participation: |
AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO,
MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNTAET,
UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ahmad Tariq KARIM
consulate(s) general: Los
Angeles and New York
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5366
telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183
chancery: 3510
International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Mary Ann PETERS
embassy: Madani Avenue,
Baridhara, Dhaka
mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka
1000
telephone: [880] (2) 8824700 through 8824722
FAX: [880] (2) 8823744 |
|
Flag description: |
green with a large red
disk slightly to the hoist side of center; the red sun of freedom
represents the blood shed to achieve independence; the green field
symbolizes the lush countryside, and secondarily, the traditional
color of Islam |
|
Economy - overview: |
Despite sustained
domestic and international efforts to improve economic and
demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and
ill-governed nation. Although more than half of GDP is generated
through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are
employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single most
important product. Major impediments to growth include frequent
cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, inadequate
port facilities, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be
absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting energy resources
(natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation
of economic reforms. Economic reform is stalled in many instances by
political infighting and corruption at all levels of government.
Progress also has been blocked by opposition from the bureaucracy,
public sector unions, and other vested interest groups. The
newly-elected BNP government, led by Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA, has
the parliamentary strength to push through needed reforms, but the
party's level of political will to do so remains undetermined.
|
|
GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$230 billion (2001 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
5.6% (2001 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$1,750 (2001 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 30%
industry: 18%
services: 52% (2000 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
35.6% (FY95/96 est.)
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini
index: |
33.6 (1995-96) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
5.8% (2000 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
64.1 million (1998)
note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at
$1.71 billion in 1998-99 |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 63%, services
26%, industry 11% (FY95/96) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
35% (2001 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $4.9
billion
expenditures: $6.8 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.) |
|
Industries: |
cotton textiles, jute,
garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical
fertilizer, light engineering, sugar |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
6.2% (2001 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
13.493 billion kWh (2000)
|
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel:
92.45%
hydro: 7.55%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0% |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
12.548 billion kWh (2000)
|
|
Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
rice, jute, tea, wheat,
sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef,
milk, poultry |
|
Exports: |
$6.6 billion (2001)
|
|
Exports - commodities: |
garments, jute and jute
goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood |
|
Exports - partners: |
US 31.8%, Germany 10.9%,
UK 7.9%, France 5.2%, Netherlands 5.2%, Italy 4.42% (2000) |
|
Imports: |
$8.7 billion (2001)
|
|
Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment,
chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, raw cotton, food, crude oil and
petroleum products, cement |
|
Imports - partners: |
India 10.5%, EU 9.5%,
Japan 9.5%, Singapore 8.5%, China 7.4% (2000) |
|
Debt - external: |
$17 billion (2000) |
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
$1.575 billion (2000
est.) |
|
Currency: |
taka (BDT) |
|
Currency code: |
BDT |
|
Exchange rates: |
taka per US dollar -
57.756 (January 2002), 55.807 (2001), 52.142 (2000), 49.085 (1999),
46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997) |
|
Fiscal year: |
1 July - 30 June
|
| Communications |
Bangladesh |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
500,000 (2000) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
283,000 (2000) |
|
Telephone system: |
general
assessment: totally inadequate for a modern country
domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk
systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some
fiber-optic cable in cities
international: satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); international
radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring
countries (2000) |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2
(1999) |
|
Radios: |
6.15 million (1997)
|
|
Television broadcast stations: |
15 (1999) |
|
Televisions: |
770,000 (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.bd |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
10 (2000) |
|
Internet users: |
30,000 (2000)
|
| Transportation |
Bangladesh |
|
Railways: |
total: 2,745 km
broad gauge: 923 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow
gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2000 est.) |
|
Highways: |
total: 201,182 km
paved: 19,112 km
unpaved: 182,070 km (1997)
|
|
Waterways: |
up to 8,046 km depending
on season
note: includes 3,058 km main cargo routes
|
|
Pipelines: |
natural gas 1,250 km
|
|
Ports and harbors: |
Chittagong, Dhaka, Mongla
Port, Narayanganj (2001) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 34 ships
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 269,932 GRT/379,271 DWT
ships by
type: bulk 2, cargo 26, container 3, petroleum tanker 2,
refrigerated cargo 1, includes s foreign-owned ship registered here
as a flag of convenience: Singapore 5 (2002 est.) |
|
Airports: |
18 (2001) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 5 (2001) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2001)
|
|
Military branches: |
Army, Navy, Air Force,
Coast Guard, paramilitary forces (includes Bangladesh Rifles,
Bangladesh Ansars, Village Defense Parties, Armed Police Battalions,
National Cadet Corps) |
|
Military manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49:
37,303,372 (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military
service: |
males age 15-49:
22,139,736 (2002 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$559 million (FY96/97)
|
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.8% (FY96/97)
|
| Transnational Issues |
Bangladesh |
|
Disputes - international: |
only a small portion of
the boundary with India remains un-delimited; discussions to
demarcate the boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves, and
allocate divided villages remain stalled; skirmishes, illegal border
trafficking, and violence along the border continue; Bangladesh has
protested India's attempts to fence off high traffic sections of the
porous boundary; Burmese attempts to construct a dam on the border
stream in 2001 prompted an armed response halting construction;
Burmese Muslim refugees migrate into Bangladesh straining meager
resources |
|
Illicit drugs: |
transit country for
illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries
| |
